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Francesco Maria Piave (18 May 1810 – 5 March 1876) was an Italian opera librettist who was born in Murano in the lagoon of Venice, during the brief Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy. His career spanned over twenty years working with many of the significant composers of his day, including Giovanni Pacini (four librettos), Saverio Mercadante (at least one), Federico Ricci, and even one for Michael Balfe. He is most well known as Giuseppe Verdi's librettist, for whom he was to write 10 librettos, the most well-known being those for ''Rigoletto'' and ''La traviata''. But Piave was not only a librettist: he was a journalist and translator in addition to being the resident poet and stage manager at La Fenice in Venice where he first encountered Verdi. Later, Verdi was helpful in securing him the same position at La Scala in Milan.〔Baldini 1970, pp. 70 - 74〕 His expertise as a stage manager and his tact as a negotiator served Verdi very well, but the composer bullied him mercilessly for his pains over many years. Like Verdi, Piave was an ardent Italian patriot, and in 1848, during Milan's ''"Cinque Giornate,"'' when Radetzky's Austrian troops retreated from the city, Verdi wrote to Piave in Venice addressing him as "Citizen Piave." Together, they worked on ten operas between 1844 and 1862, and Piave would have also prepared the libretto for ''Aida'' when Verdi accepted the commission for it in 1870, had he not suffered a stroke which left him paralyzed and unable to speak. Verdi helped to support his wife and daughter, proposing that "an album of pieces by famous composers be compiled and sold for Piave's benefit".〔Werfel and Stefan 1973, p. 262, referring to a letter of 1 August 1869 from Verdi to publisher Léon Escudier requesting him to furnish his own contribution to the album〕 The composer paid for his funeral when he died nine years later in Milan aged 65 and arranged for his burial at the Monumental Cemetery. ==Piave's librettos for Verdi== From the beginnings of their working relationship in 1844, scholars such as Gabriele Baldini see Verdi's overall influence upon the structure of his work take a big leap forward when he notes: :Working with Piave was Verdi's first opportunity to work with himself. () The composer completely dominates and enslaves the librettist, who becomes scarcely more than an instrument in his hands...() libretti are in fact those best suited to Verdi's music () simply because, in detail as well as in general shape, Verdi himself composed them.〔 This statement suggests that, almost for the first time, the composer was going to be the one who determined "that drama essentially consisted of the arrangement of pieces and the clarity of the musical forms..(that )..he began to become aware of the structure and architecture of musical composition, something which was not even clearly hinted at during the period with Solera.〔 The composer began to control the overall dramatic arc of the drama and no longer would he "suffer under"〔 such librettists as Temistocle Solera, who wrote the libretti for five Verdi operas beginning with ''Oberto'' and up to ''Attila'' in 1846. An example of the pressure which Verdi exerted on Piave was in the struggle to have the Venetian censors approve ''Rigoletto'': "Turn Venice upside down to make the censors permit this subject"〔Verdi to Piave, 6 May 1850, in Phillips-Matz 1993, p. 265〕 he demanded, following that up with the admonition not to allow the matter to drag on: "If I were the poet I would be very, very concerned, all the more because you would be greatly responsible if by chance (may the Devil not make it happen) they should not allow this drama (be staged )"〔Verdi to Piave, 29 November 1850, in Phillips-Matz 1993, p. 270〕 Nonetheless, another Verdi scholar notes that "Verdi always harried him unmercifully, often having his work revised by others (in the case of ''Simon Boccanegra'' ) () Piave rewarded him with doglike devotion, and the two remained on terms of sincere friendship."〔Black 1998, p. 999〕 Piave became "someone Verdi loved".〔Phiilips-Matz 1993, p. 644〕 In following Salvadore Cammarano as Verdi's main mid-career librettist, Piave firstly wrote ''Ernani'' in 1844, and then ''I due Foscari'' (1844), ''Attila'' (1846), ''Macbeth'' (the 1847 first version), ''Il Corsaro'' (1848), ''Stiffelio'' (1850), ''Rigoletto'' (1851), ''La traviata'' (1853) ''Simon Boccanegra'' (the 1857 first version) and ''La forza del destino'' (the 1862 first version). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Francesco Maria Piave」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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